PWC Operation Study using the Virtual Jet Ski Driving Simulator


A study conducted by the University of Michigan Virtual Reality Laboratory
for the Research Triangle Institute and the United States Coast Guard



This Web site gives access to all data collected or created during the study. The collected data and the findings of the study are described in detail in the Final Report that was submitted to the sponsor separately. In addition, images and sample graphs illustrating typical driving patterns are provided for the following topics: Any of the images can be enlarged by clicking on the respective picture.




Subject S01

Subject S02

Subject S03

Subject S04

Subject S05

Subject S06

Subject S07

Subject S08

Subject S09

Subject S10

Subject S11

Subject S12

Subject S13

Subject S14

Subject S15

Subject S16

Subject S17

Subject S18

Subject S19

Subject S20

Subject S21

Subject S22

Subject S23

Subject S24




The Virtual Jet Ski Driving Simulator



Jet Ski mockup inside the virtual reality CAVE



Virtual Lake, Overview

View from Home Dock Position

Canal with Bridge




Straight Course Test


Straight Course Outline on Lake

View from Start Position

Approach to Finish Line



Sample Straight Course Test (Straight 1):
Subject S04 starts with full throttle, maintains full speed,
lets go of throttle, and comes to a stop after run-out.
Total time from start to stop: 20.1 sec
Remaining distance to finish line: 36.2 m

Sample Straight Course Test (Straight 1):
Subject S12 starts with full throttle, maintains full speed,
lets go of throttle, and accelerates again to get closer to finish.
Total time from start to stop: 25.8 sec
Remaining distance to finish line: 4.6 m

Legend: handlebar (green), throttle (red), and speed (blue) over time
Straight horizontal lines are limits for throttle (red) and speed (blue)



Curved Course Test


Curved Course Outline on Lake

View from Start Position

Approach to Finish Line



Curved Course Test, Subject S02:
Expert (and "aggressive") driver goes full speed,
lets go of throttle, and accelerates again
to get closer to finish.
Total time from start to stop: 29.4 sec
Remaining distance to finish line: 6.8 m

Curved Course Test, Subject S11:
Novice (and "timid") driver goes half speed,
struggles with curved course (see handlebar),
lets go of throttle, and stops after run-out.
Total time from start to stop: 39.9 sec
Remaining distance to finish line: 30.4 m

Legend: handlebar (green), throttle (red), and speed (blue) over time
Straight horizontal lines are limits for throttle (red) and speed (blue)



Collision Test

Reaction of novice driver to pop-up log: letting go of throttle, loosing steering, crashing with log



Sample Collision Test at 35 mph: "Crash"
Log pops up at first marker 6, subject S10 turns right and lets go of throttle (throttle down), crash at second marker 6.
Reaction time: 0.607 sec
Time from pop-up to crash: 1.551 sec

Sample Collision Test at 35 mph: "Avoid"
Log pops up at marker 6, subject S19 turns left and accelerates (throttle up) at the same time, crash avoided.
Reaction time: 0.599 sec

Legend: handlebar (green), throttle (red), and speed (blue) over time
Straight horizontal lines are limits for throttle (red) and speed (blue)


Return to
Study Index
Last update: November 24, 2006, kpb