6. SUSANNE FLEISCHMAN, UC Berkeley
French 206/Spring 1993
French Department
UC Berkeley
SEXUAL DIFFERENCE, GENDER, AND THE FRENCH
LANGUAGE
Course meets: Tu 3-6, 223 Wheeler
Instructor: Suzanne Fleischman
Office: 4213 Dwinelle, Phone: 642-2184; 642-2712 (dept. office)
Office hours: T, Th 2-3
Course description: Sexual difference, gender theorists tell
us, is an opposition that profoundly influences our
experience and perception of the world. It is necessarily
related to the semantic/conceptual categories 'male' and
'female', whence to the grammatical categories 'masculine'
and 'feminine' on which the gender systems of many
language are based, though the nature of the relationship is
still controversial. In fact, the nature of the relationship
between language and the extralinguistic world in general,
or between language and society, has been a subject of
longstanding debate: some insist that language simply
reflects the society and culture of its speakers--a view we
will refer to as language as symptom; others see the
relationship as being the other way around, i.e., language
determines, shapes, or at least influences society and our
perception of the extra-linguistic world--a view we will
refer to as language-as-cause. With respect to the complex of
issues involving language, gender, and sexual difference, the
language-as-symptom position sees language as a passive
reflector of gender divisions operative in society, while the
language-as-cause position credits language with a more
active role in creating gender divisions and, accordingly, in
being able to remedy gender-related inequalities.
The emphasis in contemporary culture on sexual
difference and gender-related issues raises particular
problems for a language like French that marks gender fairly
extensively throughout its grammar and lexicon, much more
so than does English. Though there is no necessary
correlation between gender, as a grammatical category and
sexism in language, for a variety of reasons, cultural as well
as linguistic, it has been difficult for French, particularly in
France (in contrast to francophone communities outside the
Hexagon), to comfortably institute nonsexist usage.
This seminar will explore a range of cultural and linguistic
issues involving sexual difference, gender, and the French
language.
Workload: weekly reading and discussion; oral presentation
of individual research topic; term paper. Your grade will be
based on your term paper (50%), oral presentation (25%),
and participation in class discussion (25%).
Term papers due by Friday, May 14, 5:00 p.m. in my
mailbox.
Course materials:
Required texts:
YAGUELLO, Marina. 1978. Les mots et les femmes: Essai
d'approche socio-linguistique de la condition feminine.
Paris: Payot. 1978.
GRADDOL, David & Joan SWANN. 1989. Gender Voices. Oxford
& New York: Blackwell.
Course READER (purchase at Copy Central, Bancroft Way)--
contains the course bibliography, required and optional
readings, tables of contents of major collections of essays
on language and gender.
Optional texts:
LAKOFF, Robin. 1975. Language and Woman's Place. New
York: Harper & Row.
KING, Ruth, ed. 1991. Talking Gender. A Guide to Non-Sexist
Communication. Toronto: Copp Clark Pittman Ltd.
Structure of the seminar: The seminar will be organized in
two parts: The first part will consist of general readings to
be done by the entire class and discussed in seminar
meetings. These readings will provide an overview of the
major issues that have been of concern to gender-oriented
linguists and language-sensitive feminists in recent years,
both in general and specifically with regard to French.
During this time you will also begin researching your
individual projects. The second part of the seminar will be
devoted to oral presentations of your research, consisting of
(a) an outline of the scope, objectives, and organization of
your project and (b) your findings (to date). The other
members of the seminar will be asked to provide you with
feedback. The results of your research will be written up in
a formal term paper. The last meeting of the seminar (May
11) will once again be communal in focus: in addition to a
'wrap-up' of the issues we have covered, we will address
ourselves to a topic of central concern to all of us: women's
relationship to academic discourse/scientific writing.
A definitive syllabus/schedule for the course will be
distributed at the second class meeting (Feb. 2). Please turn
in to my mailbox by noon Friday, Jan. 29, a list of 3 choices
for your research project.
Assignment for next week (Feb. 2)
Read:
Graddol & Swann: Introduction, Chap. 1
Yaguello, Introduction, Chaps. 1-2
Reader: "Genre et sexe" (M. Yaguello)
Recommended:
"Grammar and Gender" (Reader)--material on the
history of gender in English entirely optional
SYLLABUS
N.b. Reading assignments for a given week are listed under
that week. For each week of communal reading, you should
come to class prepared with at least 3 questions/comments
related to the readings. These should be written out to be
turned in, but will not be graded.
Week Date Topic
1 1/26 Goals and organization of the course
Presentation of course materials
Brief description of research projects
No assignment
2 2/2 Language, Gender, and Sexual Difference:
Introduction
Read:
Graddol & Swann: Introduction, Chap. 1;
Yaguello, Introduction, Part I, Chaps. 1-2;
Reader: "Genre et sexe" (M. Yaguello)
Optional: Reader: "Grammar and Gender" (D. Baron);
"Preciosite" (Brunot)
==> Research-presentation schedule will be set up.
3 2/9 Gender as a Category of (Universal and French)
Grammar: an 'empty' or a semantically meaningful
category?
Read:
Yaguello, Part II, Chap. 1; Reader: 4 items in $2
(Violi, Arrive, Valdman, Corbett)
4 2/16 Men's Language and Women's Language
Read: Yaguello, Part I, Chap. 3;
Graddol & Swann, Chaps. 3-4;
Reader: "Women" (Jespersen).
Optional: Reader: "Le sexe du locuteur est-il un facteur de
variation linguistique?" (Pillon);
Graddol & Swann, Chap. 2;
Lakoff, Part I, Chaps 1-2 and Part II.
5 2/23 The Representation of (Men and) Women in
Language
--semantic derrogation of women
--the markedness of 'feminine'
--the 'generic masculine'
Read:
Graddol & Swann, Chap. 5;
Yaguello, Part I, Chap. 5.
Optional: King, Chaps. 2-3.
6 3/2 Semantic Asymmetries in Reference and Address
Read:
Yaguello, Part II, Chaps. 3,4,6.
Optional: Lakoff, Part I, Chap. 3;
King, Chap. 4.
7 3/9 Feminizing the French Language: Agentives and the
Problem of Job Titles
Read:
Yaguello, Part II, Chap. 2;
Reader: items in $5.
Optional: King, Chaps. 5-7.
8 3/16 Language Policy/Policing Language: Can we
change society by changing language?
Read:
Graddol & Swann, Chap. 6;
Yaguello, Part II, Chap. 7;
Reader ($II): "Langage et sexisme" (Moreau)
Optional: Lakoff, Part I, Chap. 4;
King, Chaps. 1, 8-9;
Graddol & Swann, Chap. 7.
Spring Break
9 3/30 Research Presentation: Gender and Dictionaries
(Baider)
Read: Yaguello, Chap. 5.
10 4/6 Research Presentation: ??
(De Domenico)
11 4/13 Research Presentation: Gender and Fiction
(gender and epicene gender)
(Brawn)
12 4/20 Research Presentation: A Feminine Point of View
in Fiction
(Knight)
13 4/27 Research Presentation: Marks of Feminine
Discourse in Old French
(Marnette)
14 5/4 Research Presentation: Christine de Pisan
(Romagnoli)
15 5/11 Women's relationship to professional (men's)
language (academic/scientific discourse)
Read:
Yaguello, Part I, Chap. 4;
Reader: "What Feminists have Wrought" (two essays from
Lingua Franca),
Irigaray, "Le sujet de la science est-il sexue?"
SEX, GENDER, AND THE FRENCH LANGUAGE
Table of Contents for Course Reader
I. Course Bibliography
II. On Gender and Sexual Difference in Language
-- "Grammar and Gender" (Chap. 6 of Dennis Baron, Grammar
and Gender. New Haven: Yale UP, 1986)
-- "Genre et sexe." (Preface to Marina Yaguello, Le sexe des
mots. Paris: Belfond, 1989)
-- "Langage et sexisme" (Preface to the Dictionnaire feminin-
masculin des professions, des titres et des fonctions, ed.
Therese Moreau. Geneva: Metropolis, 1991)
III. On (Grammatical) Gender
--"Les origines du genre grammatical" (Patrizia Violi; from
Langages, 85, March 1987)
--"De quelques oscilliations des theories du genre dans
l'histoire recente de la linguistique." (Michel Arrive: from
Genre et langage, 1989)
-- "Gender and Number" (Chap. 13 of Albert Valdman,
Introduction to French Phonology and Morphology. Rowley,
MA: Newbury House, 1976)
-- Gender in French ($3.2.5 of Greville Corbett, Gender.
Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: CUP, 1991)
IV. On "Womens' Language"
-- "Women." (Chap. 13 of Otto Jespersen, Language, its
Nature, Development, and Origin. London: Allen &
Unwin/New York: Holt, 1922; Repr. in Cameron, ed. 1990)
-- "Le sexe du locuteur est-il un facteur de variation
linguistique? Revue critique." (Agnesa Pillon; form La
Linguistique, 23,1 (1977), 35-48).
V. On Feminizing the French Language (with particular
reference to professional/job titles)
-- Stehli, Walter. "La formation du feminin en francais
moderne." (Orbis 2 (1953), 1-18).
-- Houdebine, Anne-Marie. "Le francais au feminin." (La
linguistique 23 (1987), 13-34).
-- Monqiue Adriaen & Ruth King, "Feminizing French
Discourse." (Chap. 6 of Talking Gender, ed. Ruth King.
Ontario: Copp Clark Pitman, 1991)
-- Articles from Le Monde (1984) and the Journal Francais
d'Amerique (1991)
-- Evans, Howard. "A Feminine Issue in Contemporary
French Usage." (Modern Languages 66,4 (1985) 231-36).
-- Strategies for feminizing professional titles: selections
from Talking Gender and the Dictionnaire feminin-
masculin des professions, des titres, et des fonctions
VI. Miscellaneous
--"Preciosite" (Chap. 9 of Ferdinand Brunot, Histoire de la
langue francaise. t.3: La formation de la langue classique,
1922)
-- What feminists have wrought: writing the self back into
scholarship: two pieces from Lingua Franca, 1,3 (February,
1991), 15-19, 33)
-- "Le sujet de la science est-il sexue." (Luce Irigaray; from
Parler n'est jamais neutre, pp.307-321; originally
published 1982 in Les Temps modernes)
VII. Reference
a) Tables of Contents of:
"Le langage des femmes: Enquete a l'echelle mondiale." Orbis,
1:10-86, 2:7-34.
Aebischer, Verena & Claire Forel, eds. 1983. Parlers
masculins, parlers feminins.
Cameron, Deborah, ed. 1990. The Feminist Critique of
Language. A Reader.
Coates, Jennifer & Deborah Cameron, eds. 1989. Women in
Their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Language
and Sex.
Corbett, Greville. 1991. Gender.
La difference sexuelle dans le langage. Special issue of
Contrastes (Revue de linguistique contrastive). October,
1989.
Koskas, Eliane & Danielle Leeman, eds. 1989. Genre et
langage.
Philips, Susan U. et al. Tanz, eds. 1987. Language, Gender and
Sex in Comparative Perspective.
Thorne, Barrie & Nancy Henley, eds. 1975. Language and Sex:
Difference and Dominance.
Thorne, Barrie, Cheris Kramarae, & Nancy Henley, eds. 1983.
Language, Gender and Society.
King, Ruth, ed. 1991. Talking Gender. A Guide to Non-Sexist
Communication.
b) Bibliography of:
Duchen, Claire, ed. Feminism in France. From May '68 to
Mitterrand.
Suggested Topics for Individual Research
N.b.: You may wish to choose your seminar research
project from the following list of topics, diverse in their
orientation--hopefully something here for everyone! You
are not, however, limited to these topics; I will entertain
topics you propose.
--GENERAL LINGUISTICS
The origin of gender in language: theories concerning the
ontogenesis of gender as a grammatical category: How did
gender arise? How did it come to be linked with sex
(masculine/feminine)? (see refs. in $6.1.1 of the
bibliography)
--FRENCH LINGUISTICS (SYNCHRONIC)
Gender and Dictionaries: Examine a selection of modern
French dictionaries with respect to their entries for homme
and femme and related terms for referring to male and
female humans. What denotative asymmetries do you
observe in the definitions? What connotations are revealed
by the examples? What attitudes/ideologies underlie the
differences you observe? (cf. Yaguello, pp.166f.)--This topic
overlaps, and may be paired with, that on euphemism, listed
below.
Affective connotations of suffixes: Many French suffixes
have an affective meaning--hypocoristic/pejorative,
diminutive/ augmentative, etc.--in addition to a grammatical
function or as their exclusive function. Can any
generalizations be made along gender lines? E.g., do French
diminutives tend to be masculine or feminine? Are there
more pejorative suffixes referring to women than to men?
(cf. Connors 1971, Chastaing 1973, Milner 1989, Yaguello,
pp.121ff.)--This project overlaps, and will be paired with,
the psycholinguistic experiment with suffixed nonsense
words listed below.
?? Gender errors: an analysis of gender errors made by
native speakers. ?? Gender in Metaphors/Idioms: Many
metaphoric and idiomatic expressions make reference to
gender or traditional gender roles (she wears the pants in
the family), or to male or female body parts (in the bosom of
the family). What such expressions do we find in French, and
what assumptions/beliefs underlie them? (cf. Guiraud 1978,
Semiologie de la sexualite)
--FRENCH LINGUISTICS (DIACHRONIC)
History (external) of gender in the French grammatical
tradition: Historical survey of grammarians' treatments of
the category of gender, from the earliest vernacular
grammarians (in the 16th c.) through the present. You will
probably want to include Vaugelas, Port-Royal, Malherbe (?),
the 18th-c. rational grammarians, Damourette et Pichon (Des
mots a la pensee), and any other important figures in the
history of French grammar.
Marks of a feminine discourse in Old French ??: what
marks of women's language do we find in women writers of
the Middle Ages (Marie de France, Christine de Pisan, the
Occitan trobairitz) or in the speech of female characters (cf.
Cerquiglini 1986)
--PSYCHOLINGUISTICS (WITH REGARD TO FRENCH)
The psycholinguistic status of gender assignment in
French: How do (adult) speakers assign gender to nouns?
What criteria (phonological, morphological, semantic) do they
use? What sorts of errors do they make? (see Corbett 1991,
chap. 4 and relevant refs. in $6.2.1 of our bibliography)
The connotations of gender in French (psycholinguistic
experiment): Replicate or adapt, with a group of francophone
speakers, Susan Ervin's experiment using nonsense words to
elicit speakers' associations (in terms of the pairs good/bad,
large/small, beautiful/ugly, strong/weak) with masculine
and feminine gender (cf. Ervin 1962, summarized by
Yaguello, pp.100ff., Corbett 1991:93)--This project overlaps-
-and will be paired with--the suffixation project listed
above.
The acquisition of (grammatical) gender in French: how do
French-speaking children acquire gender? What gender-
marking strategies do they develop? Which of these
strategies are ultimately retained and which discarded in the
process of mastering the adult grammar? (see Corbett 1991,
$4.2, and refs. in $6.2.1 of our bibliography)
--LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Preciosite: the phenomenon of preciosite, satirized by
Moliere in Les precieuses ridicules, turns around a particular
style of speech cultivated by aristocratic women in the 17th
c. What is at issue in preciosite? Why did it evolve when it
did? What new light, if any, does contemporary gender
theory and/or research on language and gender shed on the
phenomenon.
Euphemism in reference to women: Languages commonly
develop euphemisms to refer to women, to women per se
(e.g. le beau sexe, personnes de sexe) or in various
professional/functional capacities (e.g. une professionnelle to
refer to a prostitute). What euphemisms do we find in
French and what attitudes or beliefs underlie them?--This
topic overlaps, and may be paired with, that on dictionaries.
--LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
The gendering of French versification (in historical
perspective): what is the linguistic/psychological basis of
'masculine' and 'feminine' rhyme? Origin of the terms?
Affective associations? Role of -e ("mute e")? You will want
to examine treatises on poetics/versification over the history
of French. (cf. Delas 1989)
Gender and Point of View: Choose an appropriate narrative
text in French (novel or short story) and, on the basis of
everything you will have read about women's language,
communicative behavior, conversational strategies, etc.,
show, through close linguistic analysis of the text, how a
feminine point of view is conveyed. Is a feminine point of
view possible in a language like French, which, gender
theorists argue, presupposes a masculine subject with
woman as object.--Several people may choose this topic. (see
also below on Sphinx)
Sphinx: the obliteration of gender: In her novel Sphinx
(Paris: Grasset, 1986), Anne Garreta attempts to camouflage
the sex/gender of the narrator--not an easy task in a
language like French that obligatorily marks gender quite
extensively throughout its grammar. Is the narrator/point of
view masculine or feminine? How do you determine this?
What strategies does she resort to to obliterate marks of
gender?
--PSYCHOANALYSIS
A psychoanalytic perspective on men's vs. women's
language and the relationship of sex and gender (see refs. in
$4.1 of our bibliography and additional refs. provided in
these articles, e.g. to Lacan, Otto Rank & Hans Sachs)
--APPLIED LINGUISTICS (WITH REFERENCE TO FRENCH)
?? Acquisition of gender among learners of French:
analysis of and strategies for correction. (see "L/2"
references in $6.2.1 of our bibliography)
Sexual Difference, Gender, and the French Language
Selected Bibliography
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Bibliographies
2. Journals and Newsletters on Language and Gender
2.1. Special Issues on Language and Gender
3. Language and Gender (General)
3.1. Collections of Essays
3.2. General References (primarily with regard to English)
4. Language and Gender with particular reference to French
4.1. Psychoanalytic Perspective
4.2. Feminization of Titles and Professional Designations
4.3. The Pre-modern Period (Old French--)
5. Guides to Nonsexist Usage (French and English)
5.1. Feminist and Nonsexist Dictionaries and Glossaries
6. Grammatical Gender
6.1. General
6.1.1. Origin of Gender
6.2. With particular reference to French
6.2.1. Psycholinguistic studies
6.3. Generic Use of Male Referents (il/he)
7. French Feminism
8. Gender-Related Fiction/Essays
1. Bibliographies (in chronological order)
Silberstein, Sandra. 1980. "Bibliography" Women and
Language." Michigan Occasional Papers in Women's Studies,
No. 12. AnnArbor:University of Michigan.
Elgin, Suzette Haden. 1982. "Women and Language Update."
The Lonesome Node January/February: 3-4.
Treichler, Paula. 1986. "Language, Feminism, Theory: An
Annotated Bibliography." Women and Language 10,1:6-36,
56-60.
Clarke, Sandra. 1989. "Language and Sex: A Bibliography."
Women and Language 12,2:9-20.
--------. 1991. "Language and Sex Bibliography 1991."
Women and Language 14,2:4-15.
2. Journals and Newsletters on Language and Gender
Language and Gender (newsletter published in Australia),
ed. Anne Pauwels.
The Lonesome Node, ed. Suzette Hayden Elgin (bimonthly
newsletter devoted to women and language and 5 other
areas of language research).4
Berkeley Women and Language Conferences (Proceedings).
Resources for Feminist Research. 1984. Special issue on
"Women and Language." 13,3 (November 1984).
Women and Language, 1976-- (published at Univ. of Illinois
at Champaign-Urbana). Women's Studies in
Communication
2.1. Special Issues on Language and Gender
Ecriture, feminite, feminisme. Special issue of Revue des
Sciences Humaines (Lille III), 4, 1977.
Le sexe linguistique. Special issue of Langages, 85. March,
1987. Ed. Luce Irigaray.
*La difference sexuelle dans le langage.5 Special issue of
Contrastes (Revue de linguistique contrastive). October,
1989. Ed. Georges Kassae.
Cahiers du Grif, nos. 12, 13.
3. Language and Gender (General)
3.1 Collections of Essays
*Aebischer, Verena & Claire Forel, eds. 1983. Parlers
masculins, parlers feminins. Textes de base en psychologie.
Neuchatel: Delachaux et Niestle.
*Cameron, Deborah, ed. 1990. The Feminist Critique of
Language. A Reader. London/New York: Routledge.
*Coates, Jennifer & Deborah Cameron, eds. 1989. Women in
Their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Language
and Sex. London: Longman.
Irigaray, Luce, ed. 1990. Sexes et genres a travers les
langues. Elements de communication sexuee (francais,
anglais, italien). Paris: Grasset.
*Koskas, Eliane & Danielle Leeman, eds. 1989. Genre et
langage. (Actes du colloque tenu a Paris X Nanterre les
14-15 decembre 1988). Paris: Imprimerie Integree de
l'Universite Paris X.
Kramarae, Cheris, ed. 1980. The Voices and Words of Women
and Men. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
McConnell-Ginet, Sally, Ruth Borker, and Nelly Furman, eds.
1980. Women and Language in Literature and Society.
New York: Praeger.
Nielsen, Alleen Pace et al. 1977. Sexism and Language.
Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English.
Orasanu, Judith, Mariam K. Slater & Loenore Loeb Adler, eds.
1979. Language, Sex and Gender: Does "la difference" make
a difference? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
327. New York: NYAS. (cf. review article by Sally
McConnell-Ginet in Language 59,2 (1983), 373-391)
*Philips, Susan U., Susan Steele, & Christine Tanz, eds. 1987.
Language, Gender and Sex in Comparative Perspective.
Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language,
4. Cambridge: CUP.
Pop, Sever, ed. 1952-53. "Le langage des femmes: Enquete a
l'echelle mondiale." Orbis, 1:10-86, 2:7-34.7
*Thorne, Barrie & Nancy Henley, eds. 1975. Language and
Sex: Difference and Dominance. Rowley, MA: Newbury
House Publishers. (contains an excellent annotated
bibliography)
*Thorne, Barrie, Cheris Kramarae, & Nancy Henley, eds. 1983.
Language, Gender and Society. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury
House. (contains an excellent annotated bibliography)5
Vetterling-Braggin, Mary, ed. 1981. Sexist language: a
modern philosophical analysis. Towata, NJ: Littlefield,
Adams. (cf. review article by Sally McConnell-Ginet in
Language 59,2 (1983), 373-391)
3.2. General References (primarily with regard to English)
Aebischer, Verena. 1985. Les femmes et le langage. Paris:
Presses Universitaires de France. (a psycho-sociological
study of widespread view of women as "bavardes,"
identifying factors we use to identify a discourse as
masculine or feminine). Cf. also V.A., "Bavardages: Sens
commun et linguistique." In: Aebischer & Forel, eds. 1983,
pp. 173-188.
Baron, Dennis. 1986. Grammar and Gender. New Haven: Yale
University Press.
Bodine, A. 1975a. "Sex Differentiation in Language." In
Thorne and Henley, eds. Pp. 130-151.
--------. 1975b. "Androcentrism in Prescriptive Grammar."
Language in Society, 4,2:129-56. Repr. in Cameron, ed.
1990, pp.166-186.
Cameron, Deborah. 1985. Feminism and Linguistic Theory.
London: Macmillan/New York: St. Martins (1984).
--------, & Jennifer Coates. 1985. "Some problems in the
sociolinguistic explanation of sex differences." Language
and Communication, 5,3:143-51. Repr. in Coates &
Cameron, eds. 1988, pp.13-26.
Coates, Jennifer. 1986. Women, Men and Language. London:
Longman.
Forel, Claire A. 1983. "Francaises, Francais." In: Aebischer &
Forel, pp.21-33. (on the interplay of sex and gender in
referring expressions)
Frank, Francine Wattman & Frank Anshen. 1983. Language
and the Sexes. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Graddol, David & Joan Swann. 1989. Gender Voices. Oxford &
New York: Blackwell.
Jespersen, Otto. 1922. "Women." = Chap. 13 of Language, its
Nature, Development, and Origin, pp. 237-254. London:
Allen & Unwin/New York: Holt. Repr. in Cameron, ed. 1990,
pp.201-220. (classic essay, one of the first to generalize
differences between men's and women's language)
Kassae, Georges. 1989. "La difference sexuelle dans le
langage et ses interpretations." Contrastes. Pp. 3-10.
Key, Mary Ritchie. 1975. Male/Female Language. Metuchen
N.J.: Scarecrow Press.
Kramarae, Cheris. 1981. Women and Men Speaking. Rowley,
MA: Newbury House Publishers.
-------. 1982. "Gender: How She Speaks," In: Attitudes
Towards Language Variation, eds. Ellen Bouchard Ryan and
Howard Giles. Pp. 84-98. London: Edward Arnold.
Lakoff, Robin. 1975. Language and Woman's Place. New York:
Harper & Row. (first published 1973 in Language in
Society, 2:45-80).
Martyna, Wendy. 1983. "The Case for Nonsexist Language."
In Thorne, Kramarae and Henley, eds., pp. 25-37.
McConnell-Ginet, Sally. 1978. "Address Forms in Sexual
Politics." In: Women's Language and Style, eds. Douglas
Butturff and Edmund L. Epstein. Pp. 23-35. Akron, Ohio: L
and S Books.
--------. 1980. "Linguistics and the Feminist Challenge," In:
McConnell-Ginet, Borker, & Furman eds., pp. 3-25.
--------. 1983. Review article of: Orasanu, Slater & Adler,
eds. Language, Sex and Gender: Does "la difference" make
a difference? and Vetterling-Braggin, ed. Sexist language: a
modern philosophical analysis. In: Language 59,2:373-91.
Penelope, Julia. 1977. "Gender Marking in American English:
Usage and Reference." In Nielsen et al., pp. 43-74.
--------. 1978a. "Sexist Grammar." College English. March
800-11.
--------, and Susan Robbins. 1978b. "Sex Marked Predicates
in English." Papers in Linguistics Fall-Winter: 487-516.
--------, and Cynthia McGowan. 1979. "Woman and Wife:
Social and Semantic Shifts in English." Papers in Linguistics
Fall-Winter: 491-502.
Pillon, Agnesa. 1977. "Le sexe du locuteur est-il un facteur
de variation linguistique? Revue critique." La Linguistique,
23,1:35-48. (critical review of the social stratification
studies--primarily American--on sex differentiation in
language )
Spender, Dale. 1980. Man Made Language. London:
Routledge.
Schultz, Muriel. 1975. "The Semantic Derogation of Women."
In: Thorne & Henley, eds. Pp. 64-75. Repr. in Cameron, ed.
1990, pp.134-147. (important article showing how terms
designating women have taken on negative connotations
over time)
Sklar, Elizabeth S. 1983. "Sexist Grammar Revisited." In:
College English April, 348-56.
Tannen, Deborah. 1990. "What's in a First Name?" In: Ronald
Adler & Neil Towne, eds. Looking Out/Looking In. In:
Interpersonal Communication. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart
and Winston.
Trudgill, Peter. 1974. Sociolinguistics. An Introduction. Chap.
4. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 2d ed. 1983. (classic study--
on Norwich English--presenting what have become idees
recues on sociolinguistic differences between men's and
women's language)
Treichler, Paula. 1989. "From Discourse to Dictionary: How
Sexist Meanings are Authorized." In: Frank & Treichler,
eds. Pp. 35-50.
4. Language and Gender with Particular Reference to French
(cf. also $6.2 on Grammatical Gender)
Ager, Dennis. 1990. Sociolinguistics and Contemporary
French., $6.2 (pp. 118-123). Cambridge: CUP. (on "sex" as a
sociolinguistic variable)
Arrive, Michel, Francoise Gadet & Michel Galmiche. 1986. La
grammaire d'aujourd'hui. Guide alphabetique de
linguistique francaise. Paris: Flammarion. Pp. 280-196
("genre").)
--------. 1989. "De quelques oscillations des theories du
genre dans l'histoire recente de la linguistique." In: Koskas
& Leeman, eds., pp. 5-16. (on gender in relation to sex and
as an 'empty' or meaningful category of grammar)
Bodine, Anne. 1983. "Sexocentrisme et recherches
linguistiques." In Aebischer & Forel, eds., pp.35-63.
Brunot, Ferdinand. 1922. La pensee et la langue, Livre II:
"Les sexes et les genres," pp. 85-95. Paris: Masson. 3d
revised ed. 1965.
Delas, Daniel. 1989. "Du e muet." In: Koskas & Leeman, eds.,
pp.79-86. (on "mute e as marking 'feminine' in grammar
and prosodics)
Guiraud, Pierre. 1978. Semiologie de la sexualite. Paris:
Payot.
Houdebine, Anne-Marie. 1977. "Les femmes et la langue." Tel
Quel 74:84-95.
--------. 1983. "Sur les traces de l'imaginaire linguistique."
In: Aebischer & Forel, pp. 105-139. (on actual and
imagined pronunciation differences in men's and women's
speech)
Khaznadar, Edwige. 1989. "Le dedoublement en genre en
francais moderne." In: Koskas and Leeman, eds. Pp. 137-
146. (on gender varying nouns and adjectives in French
and the markedness of 'feminine')
Irigaray, Luce. 1985. "L'ordre sexuel du Discours," Langages,
85: 81-123, repr. in Irigaray, ed. 1990. Pp. 403-461.
--------. 1990. "Representation et auto-affection du
feminin." In: Irigaray, ed. 1990. Pp. 9-29.
Marchal, Claire & Claudine Ribery. 1979. "Rapport de sexage
et operations enonciatives: Cadre theorique d'une
recherche sociolinguistique." Langue et Societe (papiers de
travail), 8.
Marchello-Nizia, Christiane. 1989. "Le neutre et
l'impersonnel." In: Koskas & Leeman, eds. Pp. 173-180. on
the neuter gender in Old and modern French)
Michard-Marchal, Claire & Claudine Ribery. 1982. Sexisme et
sciences humaines. Pratique linguistique du rapport de
sexage. Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille. (analysis,
using les theories de l'enonciation, of the treatment of the
notions of 'man' and 'woman' in scientific
discourse, where the sujet d'enonciation is clearly male)
Michard, Claire. 1988. "Some Socio-enunciative
Characteristics of Scientific Texts Concerning the Sexes." In:
Gill Seidel, ed. The Nature of the Right. A Feminist Analysis
of Order Patterns, pp.27-59. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:
Benjamins.
Milner, Jean-Claude. 1989. "Genre et taille dans le lexique
francais." In: Koskas & Leeman, eds. Pp. 191-202.
(interesting morphological analysis of gender in relation to
size, notably in French diminutives and other nouns)
Offord, Malcolm. 1990. Varieties of Contemporary French.
Chapter 3, sec. 2. Houndmills & London: Macmillan.
Yaguello, Marina. 1978. Les mots et les femmes: Essai
d'approche socio-linguistique de la condition feminine.
Paris: Payot.
--------. 1989. Le sexe des mots. Paris: Belfond. (glossary of
selected French words examining gender from a
grammatical and sociohistorical perspective; xerox copy in
French Dept. Library)
4.1. Psychoanalytic perspective
Cixous, Helene & Catherine Clement. 1975. La jeune nee.
Paris: Union Generale d'Editions. English trans. by Betsy
Wing (The Newly Born Woman). Minneapolis: Univ. of
Minnesota Press, 1986. (poses the question of a specifically
feminine language)
Irigaray, Luce. 1985a. "L'ordre sexuel du discours," Langages,
85: 81-123, repr. in Irigaray, ed. 1990. Pp. 403-461.
--------. 1985b. Parler n'est jamais neutre. Paris: Minuit.
(collection of previously published essays whose common
thread is the inherent sexing [sexuation] of language)
Lecointre, Simone. 1989. "Enquetes sur la 'sexuation du
discours'." In: Koskas & Leeman, eds., pp. 161-172.
(methodological critique of Irigaray's "L'ordre sexuel du
discours")
Moi, Toril, ed. 1986. The Kristeva Reader. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
4.2. Feminization of titles and professional designations
(cf. also $5, Guides to Non-Sexist Usage)
Boel, Else. 1976. "Le genre des noms designant les
professions et les situations feminines en francais
moderne." Revue Romane. 11,1:16-73. (an empirical study
of feminine forms for job titles in the French
(France) press and media in the '70s)
Dumais, Helene. 1987. La feminisation des titres et du
discours au Quebec: une bibliographie. Laval: Groupe de
recherche multidisciplinaire feministe, Universite Laval.
(an important bibliography of works in French up to
December 1986)
Evans, Howard. 1985. "A Feminine Issue in Contemporary
French Usage." Modern Languages 66,4:231-36.
--------. 1987. "The Government and Linguistic Change in
France: The Case of Feminization." ASMCF Review, 31:20-
26.
Groult, Benoete. [1984]. "La langue francaise au feminin."
Medias et langage, 19/20.
Houdebine, Anne-Marie. 1987. "Le francais au feminin." La
linguistique. 23:13-34.
--------. 1989. "La feminisation des noms de metier en
francais contemporain." Contrastes. Pp. 39-72.
Houdebine-Gravaud, Anne-Marie. 1989. "L'une n'est pas
l'autre ou genre et sexe en francais contemporain." In:
Koskas & Leeman, eds., pp. 107-136.
Leys, Michel. 1987. "Langage et administration. 'Madame la
Ministre': Rapport de la commission Groult sur la
feminisation des noms de metier, fonction, grade ou titre."
Langage et l'homme 22:40-44.
Martin, Andre & Henriette Dupuis. 1985. La feminisation des
titres et les leaders d'opinion: Une etude exploratoire.
"Langues et societes." Quebec: editeur officiel du Quebec.
(summary in Titres et fonctions au feminin... [listed below],
pp. 49-56)
Moreau, Therese, ed. 1991. Dictionnaire feminin-masculin
des professions, des titres et des fonctions. Geneva:
Editions Metropolis.10
Office de la Langue Francaise du Quebec. 1986. Titres et
Fonctions au feminin: essai d'orientation de l'usage. Quebec:
editeur officiel du Quebec. (written after wide consultation
with grammarians, lexicographers, and language users in
France, Quebec, and other francophone areas, this
comprehensive study of the feminization of job titles in
French offers a range of alternatives and explains the
reasons for their varying degrees of aceptance)
--------. 1986. "Titres et fonctions au feminin." La
francisation en marche 5, 5 (October).11
"Une aventure linguistique: feminisation des noms de
metiers."Luxembourg: CEE.
Vignola, Marie-Josee. 1987. "Utilisation de titres
professionnels masculins afin de designer une femme:
norme et usage." York University Working Papers in
Second-Language Teaching 2:55-82. (empirical study of
feminine forms for job titles in Quebec press and media)
--------. 1990. "Quelques applications de la feminisation
des titres en classe de francais langue seconde." Revue
canadienne des langues vivantes, 46, 2:354-64. (putting
non-sexist solutions into practice in French L/2
classrooms)
Yaguello, Marina. 1989. "L'elargissement du Capitaine
Prieur." Contrastes. Pp. 73-78.
4.3. Pre-modern period (Old French-- )
Brunot, Ferdinand. 1922. "La preciosite." Chap. 9 of Histoire
de la langue francaise, t.3: La formation de la langue
classique (1600-1660), 1ere partie, 2e ed., pp.66-74. Paris:
Armand Colin.
Cerquiglini, Bernard. 1986. "The Syntax of Discursive
Authority: The Example of Feminine Discourse." Yale
French Studies, 70:183-198. (on OF maras a marker of
feminine speech and of the 'feminine condition' in
medieval France)
Levy, Raphael. 1954. "La desinence -eresse en vieux
francais." Romance Philology, 7:197-190.
5. Guides to Nonsexist Usage (French and English)
Canadian National. 1988. Les uns et les unes: Guide de
communication nonsexiste. Montreal. Available in English
as: Striking a Balance: A Guide to Nonsexist
Communication.
Federation canadienne des enseignantes et des enseignants.
1985. Le langage nonsexist: guide de redaction. Ottawa.
--------. 1990. Pour le traitement egalitaire des femmes et
des hommes dans les communications ecrites - guide de
redaction. Ottawa.
*Frank, Francine Wattman and Paula Treichler. 1989.
Language, Gender and Professional Writing. New York:
Modern Language Association. (contains an extensive
bibliography, pp.279-330).
Frank, Francine Wattman. 1989. "Language Planning,
Language Reform, and Language Change: A Review of
Guidelines for Nonsexist Usage." In: Frank & Treichler, eds..
Pp. 105-133.
*King, Ruth, ed. 1991. Talking Gender. A Guide to Non-Sexist
Communication. Toronto: Copp Clark Pittman Ltd. (each
chapter contains relevant suggestions for forther reading)
Lee, Rhonda, ed. 1985. Guide to Nonsexist Language and
Visuals. Madison: University of Wisconsin.
Maggio, Rosalie. 1988. The Nonsexist Wordfinder: A
Dictionary of Gender-Free Usage. Boston: Beacon Press.
(contains alternatives, explanations, or definitions for over
5,000 words and phrases)
Miller, Casey & Kate Swift. 1980. The Handbook of Nonsexist
Writing for Writers, Editors and Speakers. New York:
Lippincott & Crowell; London: The Women's Press, 1981.
Ministere de l'Education du Quebec. 1988. Pour un genre a
part entiere: Guide pour la redaction de textes nonsexistes.
Quebec. (contains suggestions for feminizing French
discourse)
Moreau, Therese. 1991. Le langage n'est pas neutre. Guide de
redaction non-discriminatoire. Lausanne: Secretariat de
l'ASOSP.12
5.1. Feminist and Nonsexist Dictionaries and Glossaries
Bengis, Ingrid. n.d. A Woman's New World Dictionary. Special
Collections. Evanston: Northwestern University.
Daly, M. & J. Caputi. 1987. Webster's New Intergalactic
Wickedary of the English Language. Boston: Beacon
Press/London: Women's Press (1988).
Dixon, Marleen & Joreen. 1970. "A Dictionary of Women's
Liberation." Everywoman 21 August: 16-17.
Kramarae, Cheris & Paula Treichler, eds. 1985. A Feminist
Dictionary. London & Boston: Pandora Press.
Lennert, Midge & Norma Wilson, eds. 1973. A Woman's New
World Dictionary. Lomita, CA: 51% Publications.
Maggio, Rosalie. 1988. The Nonsexist Word Finder: A
Dictionary of Gender-Free Usage. Boston: Beacon Press.
6. Gender as a Category of Grammar
6.1. General
Connors, Kathleen. 1971. "Studies in feminine agentives in
selected European languages." Romance Philology 24:573-
598. (notes contain good bibliography on suffixal
derivation in Romance)
*Corbett, Greville. 1991. Gender. Cambridge Textbooks in
Linguistics. Cambridge: CUP. (section on French included in
Reader)
Martinet, Andre. 1956. "Le genre feminin en indo-europeen:
examen fonctionnel du probleme." Bulletin de la Societe
Linguistique de Paris. 52,1:83-95.
Meillet, Antoine. 1921. "Le genre feminin dans les langues
indo-europeennes." in: A.M., Linguistique historique et
linguistique generale. Pp.24-28. Paris: Klincksieck.
Wolfe, Susan J. 1980. "Gender and Agency in Indo-European
Languages." Papers in Linguistics, 13,3/4:773-794.
6.1.1. Origin of Gender
Corbett, Greville. 1991. Gender (ref. in 6.1 above). $10.2:
"Diachrony" (pp. 310-318).
Fodor, Istvan. 1959."The Origin of Grammatical Gender I."
Lingua, 8:1-41, 186-214.
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1978. "How Does a Language Acquire
Gender Markers?" In: J.H.Greenberg, C.A. Fergusen, & E. A.
Moravcsik, eds. Universals of Human Language, Vol. 3:
Word Structure, pp.47-82. Stanford: Stanford University
Press.
Violi, Patrizia. 1987. "Les origines du genre grammatical."
Langages 85:15-34.
6.2. With particular reference to French
Bidot, E. 1925. La clef du genre des substantifs francais
(Methode dispensant d'avoir recours a un dictionnaire).
Poitiers: Imprimerie Nouvelle.
Damourette, Jacques & Edouard Pichon. 1911-40. Des mots a
la pensee. Essai de grammaire de la langue francaise, Vol.
1, chap. 4: "Sexuisemblance du substantif nominal"
(pp.354-423). Paris: D'Artrey. Reprinted. (classic treatise
on French grammar, analyzed in terms of the mentalites of
its speakers; cf. summary of this chapter in Yaguello,
pp.101ff.)
Delas, Daniel. 1989. "Du e muette." In: Koskas & Leeman, eds.,
pp.79-86. (on "mute e as a marker of feminine in grammar
and prosodics)
Durand, Marguerite. 1936. Le genre grammatical en francais
parle a Paris et dans la region parisienne. Paris: Bibl. de
Francais Moderne.
Haden, E.F. and E.A. Joliat. 1940. "Le genre grammatical des
substantifs en franco-canadien empruntes a l'anglais."
PMLA 55:839-854.
Khaznadar, Edwige. 1989. "Le dedoublement en genre en
francais moderne." In: Koskas & Leeman, eds. Pp. 137-146.
(on gender-variable nouns and adjectives in French and
the markedness of 'feminine')
Marchello-Nizia, Christiane. 1989. "Le neutre et
l'impersonnel." In: Koskas & Leeman, eds. Pp. 173-180. on
the neuter gender in Old and modern French)
Mel'cuk, Igor. A. 1974. "Statistics and the Relationship
between the Gender of French Nouns and their Endings."
In: V. Ju. Rozencvejg, ed. Essays on Lexical Semantics., I,
11-42. Stockholm: Skriptor. (originally published in
Russian, 1958).
Milner, Jean-Claude. 1989. "Genre et taille dans le lexique
francais." In: Koskas & Leeman, eds. Pp. 191-202.
(interesting morphological analysis of gender in relation to
size, notably in French diminutives and other nouns)
Stehli, Walter. 1949. Die Femininbildung von
Personbezeichnungen im neusten Franzusisch. Romanica
Helvetica, 29. Bern.
--------. 1953. "La formation du feminin en francais
moderne." Orbis, 2:1-18.
6.2.1. Psycholinguistic Research
(gender assignment, child language, L/2 acquisition)
Clark, Eve V. 1985. "The Acquisition of Romance with special
reference to French." In: Dan I. Slobin, ed. The
Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition, 687-782.
Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Champagnol, R. 1982. "Representation en memoire des mots
et de leurs morphemes de genre et de nombre." L'annee
psychologique 82:401-19. (see below under Champagnol
1984)
--------. 1984. "Representation lexicale du genre et de ses
transformations." Revue canadienne de psychologie
38:625-44. (claims, on the basis of recall experiments, that
processing and encoding of gender (and number)
morphemes--as opposed to lexemes--is partly
autonomous)
Chastaing, M. 1973. "Le genre grammatical, symbole de
grandeur." Journal de psychologie normale et pathologique
70:427-451. (experimental study whose findings
challenge--or nuance--the connection between 'feminine'
and 'diminutive')
Desrochers, A. 1986. "Genre grammatical et classification
nominale." Revue canadienne de psychologie 40:224-50.
Ervin, Susan. 1962. "The Connotations of Gender." Word,
18:249-261. (important experimental study documenting
speakers' associations with gender; summarized in
Yaguello 1987:100f., Corbett 1991:93)
Hardison, Debra M. 1992. "Gender Assignment to Nonwords
in French: Implications for the Role of the Final Syllable in
Lexical Processing and Organization of the Mental Lexicon."
In: Indiana Linguistics Club 25th Anniversary Volume.
Bloomington: IU Linguistics Club.
Karmiloff-Smith, Annette. 1979. A Functional Approach to
Child Language: A Study of Determiners and Reference.
Cambridge: CUP. (reports on experiments involving gender,
as part of a large-scale investigation of the acquisition of
determiners)
Magnan, S.S. 1983. "Age and Sensitivity to Gender in French."
Studies in Second Language Acquisition 5, 2:194-212.
(study of reactions of native French speakers to various
non-native errors in spoken French)
Poplack, Shana, A. Pousada, & David Sankoff. 1982.
"Competing Influences on Gender Assignment: Variable
Process, Stable Outcome." Lingua 57:1-28. (important
psycholinguistic study assessing factors speakers use in
gender assignment; data on Montreal French)
Stevens, F. 1984. Strategies for Second-Language Acquisition.
Montreal: Eden Press.
Surridge, M.E. 1982. "L'attribution du genre grammatical aux
emprunts anglais en francais canadien: le role des
homologues et des monosyllabes." Glossa 16:28-39. (see
below Surridge 1984)
--------. 1984. "Le genre grammatical des emprunts anglais
en francais: le perspectif diachronique." Canadian Journal
of Linguistics 29:58-72. (presents evidence suggesting that
semantic analogy affects the gender assignment of English
loanwords in hexagonal and Canadian French)
Taylor-Browne, K. 1983. "The Acquisition of Grammatical
Gender by Children in French Immersion Programmes."
Unpub. M.A. thesis, Univ. of Calgary.
Tucker, G.R., W.E. Lambert, & A.A. Rigault. 1977. The French
Speaker's Skill with Grammatical Gender. An Example of
Rule-Governed Behavior. The Hague: Mouton.
6.3. Generic Use of Male Referents (he/il man/homme)
Bodine, Anne. 1975b. "Androcentrism in Prescriptive
Grammar." Language in Society, 4,2:129-56. Repr. in
Cameron, ed. 1990, pp.166-186.
Baron, Dennis. 1986. "Marked Men." Chapter 8 in: Grammar
and Gender. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Huber, Joan. 1976. "On the Generic Use of Male Pronouns."
The American Sociologist. 11,2:89.
King, Ruth. 1991. "False Generics: L'homme and Man." Chap. 2
of King, ed., pp.9-15.
King, Ruth & Sherry Rowley. 1991. "Pronouns in English."
Chap. 3 of King, ed., pp.16-21.
Martyna, Wendy. "What Does 'He' Mean? The Use of the
Generic Masculine." Journal of Communication 28:131-38.
-------. 1983. "Beyond the He/Man Approach." In: Thorne,
Kramarae, and Henley. Pp. 25-37.
Moulton, Janice. 1981. "The Myth of the Neutral 'Man.'" In:
Mary Vetterling-Braggin, ed. Pp. 100-115.
7. Feminism in France
Andermatt Conley, Verena. 1984. Helene Cixous: Writing the
Feminine. Lincoln, NE and London: University of Nebraska
Press.
Dartmouth College Collective, eds. 1981. Feminist Readings:
French Texts/American Contexts. Yale French Studies, 62.
Duchen, Claire, ed. 1986. French Connections: Voices From the
Women's Movement in France. London: Hutchinson.
--------. Feminism in France. From May '68 to Mitterrand.
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (bibliography xeroxed
in Reader).
Gelfand, Elissa D. & Virginia Thorndike Hules. 1985. French
Feminist Criticism: Women, Language, and Literature, An
Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland.
Groult, Benoite. 1975. Ainsi soit-elle. Paris: Grasset.
--------. 1977. Le feminisme au masculin. Paris:
Gonthier.
Kristeva, Julia. 1981. "Women's Time." Trans. by Alice
Jardine & Harry Blake. Signs, 7:13-35. (variously
reprinted)
Hermann, Claudine. 1976. Les voleuses de langue. Paris:
Payot.
Marks, Elaine & Isabelle de Courtivron, eds. 1980. New
French Feminisms. Boston: University of Massachussets
Press/New York:
Schoken (1981)/Brighton: Harvester Press (1982).
Leclerc, Annie. 1974. Parole de femme. Paris: Grasset.
Excerpts in Duchen, ed. 1986, pp. 58-63, repr. in Cameron,
ed. 1990, pp.74-79.
Moi, Toril. 1987. French Feminist Thought: A Reader. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. (collection of essays by Kristeva,
Irigaray, Montrelay and others)
Richman, Michele. 1980. "Sex and Signs: The Language of
French Feminist Criticism." Language and Style, 13,4:62-80.
Vetterling-Braggin, Mary, Frederick A. Elliston, & James
English, eds. 1977. Feminism and Philosophy. Totowa, NJ:
Littlefield, Adams.
8. Gender-Related Fiction/Essays
Cardinal, Marie. 1977. Autrement dit. Paris: Grasset. (a
hypothetical conversation with Annie Leclerc, who wrote
the postface)
Garetta, Anne. 1986. Sphinx. Paris: Grasset (novel that seeks
to conceal the sex of the narrator).
Author Index
Author Page Number
Adler, Loenore Loeb 3
Aebischer, Verena 3, 4
Ager, Dennis 5
Andermatt Conley, Verena 12
Anshen, Frank 4
Arrive, Michel 5
Baron, Dennis 4, 12
Bengis, Ingrid 9
Bidot, E. 10
Bodine, A. 4
Bodine, Anne 6, 12
Boel, Else 7
Borker, Ruth 3
Brunot, Ferdinand 6, 8
Cameron, Deborah 3, 4
Canadian National 8
Caputi, J. 9
Cardinal, Marie 13
Cerquiglini, Bernard 8
Champagnol, R.11
Chastaing, M.11
Cixous, Helene 7
Clark, Eve V. 11
Clarke, Sandra 2
Clement, Catherine 7
Coates, Jennifer 3, 4
Connors, Kathleen 9
Corbett, Greville 10
Courtivron, Isabelle de 13
Daly, M. 9
Damourette, Jacques 10
Dartmouth College Collective 13
De Courtivon, I. 13
Delas, Daniel 6, 10
Desrochers, A. 11
Dixon, Joreen 9
Dixon, Marleen 9
Duchen, Claire 12
Dumais, Helene7
Dupuis, Henriette 7
Durand, Marguerite 10
Elgin, Suzette Haden 2
Elliston, Frederick A. 13
English, James 13
Ervin, Susan 11
Evans, Howard 7
Federation canadienne des enseignantes et des enseignants 8
Fodor, Istvan 10
Forel, Claire A. 3, 4
Frank, Francine Wattman 4, 9
Furman, Nelly 3
Garetta, Anne 13
Gelfand, Elissa D. 13
Graddol, David 4
Greenberg, Joseph H. 10
Groult, Benoite 7, 13
Guiraud, Pierre 6
Haden, E.F. 10
Hardison, Debra M. 11
Henley, Nancy 3
Houdebine, Anne-Marie 6, 7
Houdebine-Gravaud, Anne-Marie 7
Huber, Joan 12
Hules, Virginia Thorndike 13
Irigaray, Luce 3, 6, 7
Jespersen, Otto 4
Joliat, E.A. 10
Karmiloff-Smith, Annette11
Kassa_, Georges 4
Key, Mary Ritchie 4
Khaznadar, Edwige 6, 10
King, Ruth 9, 12
Koskas, Eliane 3
Kramarae, Cheris 3, 4, 9
Kristeva, Julia 7, 13
Lakoff, Robin 4
Lambert, W.E. 12
Leclerc, Annie 13
Lecointre, Simone 7
Lee, Rhonda 9
Leeman, Daniel 3
Lennert, Midge 9
Levy, Raphael 8
Leys, Michel 7
Maggio, Rosalie 9
Magnan, S.S. 11
Marchal, Claire
Marchello-Nizia, Christiane 6, 10
Marks, Elaine 13
Martin, Andre 7
Martinet, Andre 10
Martyna, Wendy 5, 12
McConnell-Ginet, Sally 3, 5
Meillet, Antoine 10
Mel'cuk, Igor A. 11
Michard, Claire 6
Michard-Marchal, Claire 6
Miller, Casey 9
Milner, Jean-Claude 6, 11
Ministere de l'Education du Quebec 9
Moi, Toril 7, 13
Moreau, Therese 7, 9
Moulton, Janice 12
Nielsen, Alleen Pace 3
Office de la Langue Francaise du Quebec 8
Offord, Malcolm 6
Orasanu, Judith 3
Penelope, Julia 5
Philips, Susan U. 3
Pichon, Edouard 10
Pillon, Agnesa 5
Pop, Sever 3
Poplack, Shana 12
Pousada, A. 12
Ribery, Claudine 6
Richman, Michele 13
Rigault, A.A. 12
Robbins, Susan 5
Rowley, Sherry 12
Sankoff, David 12
Schultz, Muriel 5
Silberstein, Sandra 2
Sklar, Elizabeth S. 5
Slater, Miriam K. 3
Spender, Dale 5
Steele, Susan 3
Stehli, Walter 11
Stevens, F. 12
Surridge, M.E. 12
Swann, Swann 4
Swift, Kate 9
Tannen, Deborah 5
Tanz, Christine 3
Taylor-Browne, K. 12
Thorne, Barrie 3
Treichler, Paula 2, 5, 9
Trudgill, Peter 5
Tucker, G.R. 12
Vetterling-Braggin, Mary 4, 13
Vignola, Marie-Josee 8
Violi, Patrizia 10
Wilson, Norma 9
Wolfe, Susan J. 10
Yaguello, Marina 6, 8
1 The category of others houses such 'strange bedpartners'
as Whorfians, post-structuralists, and--with regard to gender
issues--feminists.
2 Optional readings are just that: your individual interests
and level of familiarity with particular topics should guide
you as to how much or how little to do.
3 For certain topics there will be a relevant item in the
Reader which other members of the class may wish to read
in preparation for the report.
4 Address: The Ozark Center for Language Studies, P.O. Box
1137, Hunstville, AR 72740; (501) 643-2385.
5 Tables of Contents of volumes marked with an asterisk (*)
are included in your Reader. Articles in the Reader are
indicated by the @ sign.
6 Henceforth referred by the editors' names.
7 Table of contents of relevant sections of these two volumes
of Orbis included in your Reader. The only piece on French,
Stehli 1953, is listed in $6.1 below.
8 Table of Contents of this bibliography in your Reader.
9 Preface included in your Reader.
10 Preface included in your Reader.
11 Available from: Office de la langue francaise, 800 Place
Victoria, Montreal H4Z 1G8, Canada.
12 Supposedly available from: C.P. 63, CH-9000, Lausanne 9,
Switzerland.
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John Lawler